Vulgar words in Hormones and Heredity (Page 1)
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~ ~ ~ Sentence 707 ~ ~ ~
In the earthworms, for instance, we have, in every individual developed from a zygote, ova and spermatozoa developing in different gonads in different parts of the body.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 728 ~ ~ ~
When we distinguish in the higher animals the generative organs or gonads on the one hand from the body or soma on the other, we see that all differences between the sexes, except the gonads, are somatic, and we may call them somatic sexual characters.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 741 ~ ~ ~
There is no universal characteristic of sex except the difference between the gametes and the reproductive organs (gonads) in which they are produced.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 784 ~ ~ ~
Another most important fact is not only that they are fully developed in one sex, absent or rudimentary in the other, but that their development is connected with the functional maturity and activity of the gonads.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 786 ~ ~ ~
In some cases, where the activity of the gonads is limited to a particular season of the year, the sexual characters or organs are developed at this season, and then disappear again, so that there is a periodic development corresponding to the periodic activity of the testes or ovaries.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 796 ~ ~ ~
The consideration of the subject involves two questions: (1) What are the exact effects of the removal of the gonads in male and female?
~ ~ ~ Sentence 797 ~ ~ ~
(2) By what means are these effects brought about, what is the physiological explanation of the influence of the gonads on the soma?
~ ~ ~ Sentence 980 ~ ~ ~
The gonad of the left side had the tubular structure of a testis, but showed no signs of active spermatogenesis, but in its lower part contained two ova.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,005 ~ ~ ~
INFLUENCE OF GONADS DUE TO HORMONES The existence and the influence of hormones or internal secretions may be said to have been first proved in the case of the testes, for Professor A.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,018 ~ ~ ~
Since that time investigation of the more important organs of internal secretion--namely, the gonads, thyroid, thymus, suprarenals, pituitary, and pineal bodies--has been carried on both by clinical observation and experiment by a great number of physiologists with very striking results, and new hormones have been discovered in the walls of the intestine and other organs.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,019 ~ ~ ~
Here, however, we are more especially concerned with the gonads and other reproductive organs.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,020 ~ ~ ~
A great deal of evidence has now been obtained that the influence of the testes and ovaries on secondary sexual characters is due to a hormone formed in the gonads and passing in the blood in the course of the circulation to the organs and tissues which constitute those characters.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,184 ~ ~ ~
He claims by transplantation of the gonads in young rats and guinea-pigs to have feminised males and masculised females.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,201 ~ ~ ~
The subject of the influence of hormones from the gonads is mentioned, but not fully discussed, in a volume by Dr. Jacques Loeb, entitles _The Organism as a Whole_.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,203 ~ ~ ~
Loeb entirely omits the problem of the _origin_ of somatic sex-characters, and fails to perceive that the fact that such characters are dependent to a marked degree on hormones derived from the gonads, together with their relation to definite habits and functions connected with the behaviour of the sexes to each other, is proof are these characters are not gametogenic, but were originally due to external stimulation of particular parts of the soma.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,312 ~ ~ ~
In the first place, the term sex-linked does not mean occurring always exclusively in one sex, but the direct contrary-- transmitted by one sex to the opposite sex--and in the second place there is no suggestion that the development of the character is dependent in any way on the presence or function of the gonad.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,321 ~ ~ ~
But this case differs from the characters particularly under consideration here in two points: (1) there is no suggestion that it was adaptive, (2) or that it was influenced by hormones from the gonads.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,322 ~ ~ ~
No character whose development is dependent in greater or less degree on the stimulation of some substance derived from the gonads can have originated as a mutation, because the term mutation means a new character which develops in the soma as a result of the loss or gain of some factor or determinant in the chromosomes.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,329 ~ ~ ~
This seems to imply a serious misunderstanding of the idea of the action of the hormones from the gonads and of hormones in general.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,332 ~ ~ ~
How far Doncaster is right in holding that the soma is different in the two sexes is a question already mentioned, but it is obvious that in each individual the somatic sexual characters proper to its species are present potentially in its constitution by heredity--in other words, as factors or determinants in the chromosomes of the zygote from which it was developed; but the normal development of such characters in the individual soma is either entirely dependent on the stimulus of the hormone of the gonad or is profoundly influenced by the presence or absence of that stimulus.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,350 ~ ~ ~
The theory proposed by me in 1908 was that we have within the gonads numerous gametocytes whose chromosomes contain factors corresponding to the different parts of the soma, and that factors or determinants might be stimulated by products circulating in the blood and derived from the parts of the soma corresponding to them.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,616 ~ ~ ~
The exceptions among the Mammalia still more tend to prove the close correspondence between the 'impulsive' mode of progression and the dislocation of the male gonads.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,650 ~ ~ ~
The occurrence of male somatic characters on one side or in some part of the body and female on the other, usually associated with the corresponding gonads, has been termed gynandromorphism, and has long been known in insects.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,667 ~ ~ ~
With regard to the gonads, in this bird a single organ was found on the left side, _i.e._ in the position of the ovary in normal females, and there was no trace of a gonad on the right side.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,691 ~ ~ ~
There was a gonad on each side, that of the right about one-fourth the size of that on the left.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,692 ~ ~ ~
In microscopic structure the right gonad resembled a testis consisting entirely of tubuli lined by an epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,694 ~ ~ ~
The left and larger gonad had a quite similar structure, but at its lower end were found two ova enclosed within a follicular epithelium.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,695 ~ ~ ~
With regard to the last case it is to be remarked that though the gonad on the right side was entirely male, there was no unilateral development of male characters.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,705 ~ ~ ~
In Lepidoptera among insects the evidence concerning castration tends to prove that hormones from the gonads play no part at all in the development of somatic sexual characters.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,710 ~ ~ ~
described experiments in which he destroyed by means of a hot needle the gonads in silkworm caterpillars (_Bombyx mori_), and found no difference in the sexual characters of the moths reared from such caterpillars.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,717 ~ ~ ~
Even in these cases the moth when developed showed the original characters of the sex to which belonged the caterpillar from which it came, although it was carrying a gonad of the opposite sex.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,730 ~ ~ ~
Presumably not only the antennae and markings, but also the genital appendages and the gonads themselves, are male and female on the two sides.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,744 ~ ~ ~
Then as each somatic cell is descended without segregation from the fertilised ovum, we may suppose that the presence of the sex-chromosomes in the somatic cells themselves in some way determines whether male or female characters shall develop, without the aid of any hormones from the gonads.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,786 ~ ~ ~
This seems so very improbable that it suggests a doubt whether the same investigator was not mistaken with regard to the results of his experiments in transplanting gonads in Moths.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,802 ~ ~ ~
The gonads are not actually penetrated, at least in some cases, by the fibrous processes of the parasite, but nevertheless they are atrophied and almost disappear.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,820 ~ ~ ~
Geoffrey Smith does not discuss the origin of the somatic sexual characters in evolution, or attempt to show how his theories of sexual formative substance, and of the influence of the gonads by subtraction rather than addition, would bear upon the problem.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,498 ~ ~ ~
One of these is to graft ovaries or testes from one animal into another which possesses a certain somatic character, and then to see if the offspring produced from these gonads shows any trace of the character of the foreign soma in which it was nourished.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,563 ~ ~ ~
Secondary sexual characters, usually in the male sex, correspond in their development with the development of maturity and functional activity in the gonads, and it has been proved that the latter influence the former by means of 'hormones' or internal secretions.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,572 ~ ~ ~
The theory of the heredity of somatogenic modifications by means of hormones harmonises with and goes far to explain the facts of metamorphosis and recapitulation in adaptive characters, and also the origin of secondary sexual characters, their correlation with the periodical changes in the gonads and the effects of castration.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,573 ~ ~ ~
At the same time there are some somatic sex-characters, _e.g._ in insects and birds, which do not appear to be correlated with changes in the gonads, and which are probably gametogenic, not somatogenic in origin.
~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,586 ~ ~ ~
A. Biedl and Konigstein Bionomies Blindness in cave animals _Bombyx mori_ Boring, Miss Born and Fränkel Brachydactyly Bresslau Brown-Séquard Bühler _Cambarus_, males of Capons Castle, experiments in grafting; on sex Castration; in ducks; of frog; of Lepidoptera Cats, heredity of colour in Cave animals, absence of pigment Cephalopoda Cetacea, absence of scrotum Chelonia _Chologaster agassixii_ Chromosomes; in mutations _Clevelandia_ _Colaptes_ Colour-blindness; heredity of Colours, origin of, in domesticated breeds Comb of fowls, uselessness of Corpora lutea, evolution of; in viviparous lower vertebrates; origin of _Corystes cassivelaunus_ Courtship, organs of Criss-cross inheritance Crossing over Cryptorchidism Cuttle-fishes Cyclostomes, absence of corpora lutea in Cytology Cytoplasm, in heredity _Dafila acuta_ crosses _Daphnia_, heredity of sex in Darwin _Dasyurus_; corpora lutea; lactation Davenport Determinants Determination of sex Dipnoi, fins Dog-fishes, oviparous and viviparous Dominant characters, origin of Doncaster; on heredity in cats _Drosophila_, blind mutation, heredity of sex, mutations Ducks, crosses of Dutch rabbit Earthworms, sex in Eclipse plumage Eigenmann Eimer Elasmobranchs; corpus luteum in Elephants, testes Eugenics Eunuch Evolution, evidence of Factors, origin of Feathers, evolution of Flat-fishes, mutations of Flight, evolution of Flounder Foa, on lactation; on grafting ovaries Foges Fowls, castration of; origin of breeds Fractionation of Mendelian factors Fränkel Frog, thumb-pad _Gallus bankiva_ Gates, Dr. R. Ruggles Geddes and Thomson Gemmules Genital ducts _Gigas, Oenothera_ _Gillichthys Gipsy moth Goltz and Ewald Gonads, hormones of Goodale, H. D. Grafting, of ovaries or testes Graves' disease Gudernatsch Guthrie, C. C. Gynandromorphism Haemophilia Hanau Hegner Herdwick sheep, castration in Heredity; and sex Hermaphroditism Hill, J. P. Horns Houssaye _Inachus scorpio_ Insects, heredity of sex in Interstitial cells Intromittent organs Japanese long-tailed fowls; artificial treatment of Kammerer Kellog Kopec Lactation, dependence on stimulation, in males; regulation of _Laevifolia, Oenothera_ Lamarck Lamarckian theory Lane-Claypon, Miss; and Starling, on ovaries of rabbit Larvae of insects _Lata, Cenothera_ Leghorn, White Lemon-dab Leopold and Ravana Lepidoptera, castration in _Leptinotarsa_ _Limantria dispar_ Limon Linnæus Lode Loeb, on "blind fish; on blindness in cave animals; on tadpoles and thyroid Lop-eared rabbits, grafting experiments Lotsy, Professor; on crossing Lutein, of corpora lutes Male characters in female Mallard crosses Mammary glands; origin of rudimentary in male Marshall; and Jolly Marsupials, relation of foetus to pouch; scrotum of Masked crab Meisenheimer; thumb-pad of frog _Mendel's Principles of Heredity_ Mendelism; and castration Menstruation Metamorphosis; in Flat-fishes; causes of; and hormones; and diagnostic characters Michaux, Midwife toad, Milk glands, Mole, eyes of, Monotremata, origin of milk glands, Morgan, T. H., on blindness in cave animals, on mutations, on sex:, on sex-linked heredity, on sexual dimorphism in _Drosophila_, on variation, Mutations, in antlers, Natural selection, Nuptial plumage, Nussbaum, _Nyssia zonaria_ O'Donoghue, development of milk glands, _OEnothera_, mutations, _grandiflora_, lata_, _Lamarckiana_, Onagra, species of, _Origin of Species_, Darwin's, _Ornithorhyncus_, corpus luteum Orthogenesis, Otariidae, scrotum, Ovaries, position of, Ovary, in birds, Ovulation, Pangenesis, Parthenogenesis, Parturition, Pearson, Karl, Pheasant, male, gynandramorphism in Phillips, John C., _Philosophie Zoologique_ Phoeidae, testes, _Physiology of Reproduction_, Picotee Sweet Pea, Pigeons, Pigment, absence in cave animals, Pile fowls, Pintail duck, crosses, Plaice, _Pleuronectes flesus_, _glacialis_, _platesca_, Plymouth Rock fowl, Pole-dab, Poll, Preformation, _Problems of Genetics_, Prong buck, Pro-oestrus, _Proteus_, eyes of, Prototheria, milk glands in, Rabbits, lactation in, Recapitulation, absence of, and mutations, Reptiles, corpora lutea in, Reversal, in Flat-fishes, _Rhinoderma darwinii_, Ribbert, Rieger, Rodents, testes, Romanes, GJ Röntgen rays, effect on testes, Rose comb, in fowls, Rotifers, heredity of sex in, _Rubricalyx, Oenothera_, _Rubrinervis, Oenothera_, _Sacculina_, Salamanders, transplantation of eye, Sandes, Schuster, Edgar, Scrotum, origin, of, Sea-horse, Secondary sexual characters, Selheim, _Semilata, Oenothera_, Sertoli's cells, Sex, chromosomes; Mendelian theory of, Sex-Linked heredity, _Sexual Dimorphism_, Sexual dimorphism, in Rajidae, in Plaice, Shattock and Seligmann, Silkworm, Silky fowl, plumage of, Sirenia, absence of scrotum, Slow-worm, Smith, Geoffrey, Snakes, absence of limbs, Sociology, Somatic sexual characters, Species, conception of, origin of, characters of, sterility and hybridism, Spermatogenesis, in man, Starling and Lane-Claypon, on lactation, Steinach, heredity of milk glands, Sternum, carina of, Swallows, Sweet Pea, Swifts, Tadpoles, effect of thyroid in Tandler and Gross Taxonomies Teleosteans; corpora lutea in; ovarian follicles Testes, descent of Tetraploidy Thayer Thumb-pad of frog Thyroid-gland feeding Tortoise-shell colour in cats Tosa fowls, Japanese Transplantation of gonads _Typhiogobius_ Uhlenhuth Urodela, larva Variations _Vespa vulgaris_; _germanica_ Vries, De Wallart Wasps; heredity of sex in Weapons, organs used as Weismann Whale, paddle of White Leghorn, crosses Wilson, E. B.