The 183 occurrences of gonad

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~ ~ ~ Sentence 55,386 ~ ~ ~

Heteropleuron Kirkaldy, with unilateral gonads.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 55,396 ~ ~ ~

rm and lm, Right and left metapleur; at, atriopore; an, anus; e, ''eyespot'' at anterior end of neurochord projecting beyond the myotomes (my); n, notochord; rgo, gonads of right side only showing through by transparency; go 20, the last gonad; dfr, dorsal fin with fin chambers and fin rays; vfc, ventral fin chambers.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 55,408 ~ ~ ~

(1) Lateral view of adult, to show general form, the myomeres, fin rays and gonads.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 55,409 ~ ~ ~

A, Oral tentacles 28 to 32 in full-grown animals, 20 to 24 in half-grown specimens); B, praeoral hood or praeoral epipleur; C, plicated ventral surface of atrial chamber; D1, D17, D26, gonads, twenty-six pairs, coincident with myotomes 10 to 36; E, metapleur or lateral ridge on atrial epipleur; F, atripore, coincident with myotome 36; G1, G15, G34, double ventral fin rays, extending from myotomes 37 to 52, but having no numerical relation to them; H, position of anus, between myotomes 51 and 52; I, notochord, projecting beyond myotomes; K7, K27, K62, myotomes or muscular segments of body-wall, 62 in number; L100, L230, L253, dorsal fin rays, about 250 in number, the hard substance of the ray being absent at the extreme ends of the body (these have no constant numerical relation to the myomeres); M, notochord as seen through the transparent myotomes, the thin double-lined spaces being the connective-tissue septa and the broader spaces the muscular tissue of the myotomes; N, position of brown funnel of left side (atrio-coelomic canal); O, nerve tube resting on notochord.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 55,413 ~ ~ ~

a, Edge of groove formed by adhesion of median dorsal surface of alimentary canal to sheath of notochord; b, median dorsal surface of alimentary canal; c, left dorsal aorta; cc, single dorsal aorta, formed by union of the two anterior vessels; cc', same vessel resting on intestine; d, cut edge of pharyngo-pleural folds of atrial tunic, really the original outer body-wall before the downgrowth of epipleura; d', atrial tunic (original body-wall) at non-perforate region, cut and turned back so as to expose peri-enteric coelom and intestine r; e', upstanding folds of body-wall (pharyngo-pleural folds) on alternate bars of perforate region of body; f, atrio-coelomic canals or brown funnels (collar-pores of Balanoglossus); g, cavity of a gonad-sac; m, cut musculature of body-wall; n, anus; o, post-atrioporal extension of atrial chamber in form of a tubular caecum; p, atriopore; q, hepatic caecum; r, intestine; s, coelom; t, area of adhesion between alimentary canal and sheath of notochord; v, atrial chamber or branchial cavity; w, post-atrioporal portion of intestine; x, canals of metapleura exposed by cutting; E, probe passing through atriopore into atrial or branchial chamber; FF', probe passing from coelom, where it expands behind the atriopore, into narrower peri-enteric coelom of praeatrioporal region.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 55,438 ~ ~ ~

a, Cavity surrounding fin ray; a', fin ray; b, muscular tissue of myotome; c, nerve- cord; d, notochord; c, left aorta; f thickened ridges of epithelium of praeoral chamber (Rader organ); g, coiled tube lying in a coelomic space on right side of praeoral hood, apparently an artery; h, cuticle of notochord; i, connective-tissue sheath of notochord; k, median ridge of skeletal canal of nerve-cord; l, skeletal canal protecting nerve-cord; m, inter-segmental skeletal septum of myotome; n, subcutaneous skeletal connective tissue; o, ditto of metapleur (this should be relatively thicker than it is); q, subcutaneous connective tissue of ventral surface of atrial wall (not a canal, as supposed by Stieda and others); r, epiblastic epithelium; s gonad-sac containing ova; t, pharyngeal bar in section, one of the pharyngo-pleural fold and coelom; v, atrio-coelomic funnel; w, so-called ''dorsal'' coelom; x, lymphatic space or canal of metapleur; y, sub-pharyngeal vascular trunk; z, blood-vessel (portal vein) on wall of hepatic caecum; aa, space of atrial or branchial chamber; bb, ventral groove of pharynx (anteriorly this takes the form of a ridge); cc, hyperbranchial groove of pharynx; dd, lumen or space of hepatic caecum; ee, narrow coelomic space surrounding hepatic caecum; ff) lining cell-layer of hepatic caecum; gg, inner face of a pharyngeal bar clothed with hypoblast, the outer face covered with epiblast (represented black); hh, a main pharyngeal bar with projecting pharyngeal fold (on which the reference line rests) in section, showing coelomic space beneath the black epiblast; ii, transverse ventral muscle of epipleura; kk, raphe or plane of fusion of two down-grown epipleura; ll, space and nucleated cells on dorsal face of notochord; mm, similar space and cells on its ventral face.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 55,449 ~ ~ ~

m, Mouth appearing as an elongated slit when relaxed (as in the lamprey); p, perforated pharynx; e, endostyle; g, gonads; l, liver; at, level of atriopore; i, intestine; an, anus.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 55,513 ~ ~ ~

5.--Diagram of embryo gonads, or Amphioxus seen from above in optical section.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 55,516 ~ ~ ~

gonads, which are exactly similar in outward appearance, occur as a series of gonadic pouches projecting into the atrial cavity at the base of the myotomes (figs.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 43,103 ~ ~ ~

See Gonad .

~ ~ ~ Sentence 50,847 ~ ~ ~

Gonads (#).

~ ~ ~ Sentence 362 ~ ~ ~

GONADS: the sexual glands.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,125 ~ ~ ~

Quite in harmony with this new conception of the EQUIVALENCE OF THE TWO GONADS, or the equal physiological importance of the male and female sex-cells and their equal share in the process of heredity, is the important fact established by Hertwig (1875), that in normal impregnation only one single spermatozoon copulates with one ovum; the membrane which is raised on the surface of the yelk immediately after one sperm-cell has penetrated (Figure 1.25 C) prevents any others from entering.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 3,161 ~ ~ ~

In Sagitta and other worm-like animals the two coelom-pouches (presumably gonads or sex-glands) are separated by a complete median partition, the dorsal and ventral mesentery (Figure 1.78 dm and vm); but in the vertebrates only the upper part of this vertical partition is maintained, and forms the dorsal mesentery.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 3,329 ~ ~ ~

a aorta, af anus, au eye, b lateral furrow (primitive renal process), c coeloma (body-cavity), d small intestine, e parietal eye (epiphysis), f fin border of the skin, g auditory vesicle, gh brain, h heart, i muscular cavity (dorsal coelom-pouch), k gill-grut, ka gill-artery, kg gill-arch, ks gill-folds, l liver, ma stomach, md mouth, ms muscles, na nose (smell pit), n renal canals, u apertures of same, o outer skin, p gullet, r spinal marrow, a sexual glands (gonads), t corium, u kidney-openings (pores of the lateral furrow), v visceral vein (chief vein).

~ ~ ~ Sentence 3,459 ~ ~ ~

But in the two lowest classes of our stem, the acrania and cyclostoma, they consist merely of simple sexual glands or gonads, the ovaries of the female sex and the testicles (spermaria) of the male; the former provide the ova, the latter the sperm.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 3,460 ~ ~ ~

In the craniota we always find only one pair of gonads; in the amphioxus several pairs, arranged in succession.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 3,462 ~ ~ ~

These segmental pairs of gonads are the original ventral halves of the coelom-pouches.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 3,469 ~ ~ ~

As a fact, the articulation is by no means chiefly determined and caused by the skeleton, but by the muscular system and the segmental arrangement of the kidneys and gonads.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 3,900 ~ ~ ~

In the amphioxus each of the former makes a muscular pouch, and each of the latter a sex-pouch or gonad.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 4,213 ~ ~ ~

On the other hand, the ventral parts give rise, from their uppermost section, to the pronephridia or primitive-kidney canals, and from the lower to the segmental rudiments of the sexual glands or gonads.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 4,278 ~ ~ ~

The segmentation in the ventral cavity affects the following principal systems of organs: 1, the gonads or sex-glands (gonotomes); 2, the nephridia or kidneys (nephrotomes); and 3, the head-gut with its gill-clefts (branchiotomes).

~ ~ ~ Sentence 4,284 ~ ~ ~

This cenogenetic process is so old that the cavity seems to be unsegmented from the first in all the craniotes, and the rudiment of the gonads also is almost always unsegmented.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 4,293 ~ ~ ~

These segmental gonads are originally nothing else than the real gonotomes, separate body-cavities, formed from the hyposomites of the trunk.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 4,294 ~ ~ ~

The gonads are the most important segmental organs of the hyposoma, in the sense that they are phylogenetically the oldest.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 4,304 ~ ~ ~

As the first traces of the gonads make their appearance in the lining of these middle plates nearer inward (or the middle) from the inner funnels of the nephro-canals, it is better to count this part of the mesoderm with the hyposoma.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 4,321 ~ ~ ~

The gill-clefts, which originally in the older acrania pierced the wall of the fore-gut, and the gill-arches that separated them, were presumably also segmental, and distributed among the various metamera of the chain, like the gonads in the after-gut and the nephridia.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 414 ~ ~ ~

To the right and left above (in the episoma) are the thick muscular plates (m); below (in the hyposoma) the gonads (g).

~ ~ ~ Sentence 543 ~ ~ ~

(From Boveri) a aorta (here double), b atrium, c chorda, co umlaut coeloma (body-cavity), e endostyl (hypobranchial groove), g gonads (ovaries), kb gill-arches, kd branchial gut, l liver-tube (on the right, one-sided), m muscles, n renal canals, r spinal cord, sn spinal nerves, sp gill-clefts.)

~ ~ ~ Sentence 660 ~ ~ ~

Both kinds of cells pass first into the mantle-cavity after the opening of the gonads, proceed through the gill-clefts into the branchial gut, and are discharged from this through the mouth.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 715 ~ ~ ~

The lower or ventral segments, the hyposomites, corresponding to the lateral plates of the craniote-embryo, fuse together in the upper part owing to the disappearance of their lateral walls, and thus form the later body-cavity (metacoel); in the lower part they remain separate, and afterwards form the segmental gonads.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 760 ~ ~ ~

As regards the remaining organs of the Amphioxus, we need only mention that the gonads or sexual glands are developed very late, immediately out of the inner cell-layer of the body-cavity.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,611 ~ ~ ~

These gonads are not yet independent sexual glands, but sexually differentiated cell-groups in the medullary substance, or, in other words, parts of the gut-wall.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,628 ~ ~ ~

The earliest of these organs are the sexual organs; they are very variously constructed in the Platode-class; in the simplest case there are merely two pairs of gonads or sexual glands--a pair of testicles (Figure 2.241 h) and a pair of ovaries (e).

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,632 ~ ~ ~

The gonads are among the oldest organs, the few other organs that we find in the Platodes between the gut-wall and body-wall being later evolutionary products.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,642 ~ ~ ~

The chief advances were the formation of gonads and nephridia, and of the rudimentary brain.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,669 ~ ~ ~

Behind are a pair of simple sexual glands or gonads (Figure 2.243 e).

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,703 ~ ~ ~

From the latter they have inherited: (1) The bilateral type, with incomplete segmentation; (2) the ciliary coat of the soft epidermis; (3) the double rows of gastric pouches, alternating with a single or double row of gonads; (4) separation of the sexes (the Platode ancestors were hermaphroditic); (5) the ventral mouth, underneath a protruding snout; (6) the anus terminating the simple gut-tube; and (7) several parallel blood-canals, running the length of the body, a dorsal and a ventral principal stem.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,726 ~ ~ ~

This olfactory tube would afterwards become the nervous centre, while the expanding gonads (lying to right and left of the primitive mouth) would form the coeloma.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,845 ~ ~ ~

The simple coelom-pouches divide by a frontal septum into two on each side; the dorsal pouch (episomite) forms a muscle-plate; the ventral pouch (hyposomite) forms a gonad.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 5,518 ~ ~ ~

Gonads, the.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 707 ~ ~ ~

In the earthworms, for instance, we have, in every individual developed from a zygote, ova and spermatozoa developing in different gonads in different parts of the body.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 728 ~ ~ ~

When we distinguish in the higher animals the generative organs or gonads on the one hand from the body or soma on the other, we see that all differences between the sexes, except the gonads, are somatic, and we may call them somatic sexual characters.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 741 ~ ~ ~

There is no universal characteristic of sex except the difference between the gametes and the reproductive organs (gonads) in which they are produced.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 784 ~ ~ ~

Another most important fact is not only that they are fully developed in one sex, absent or rudimentary in the other, but that their development is connected with the functional maturity and activity of the gonads.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 786 ~ ~ ~

In some cases, where the activity of the gonads is limited to a particular season of the year, the sexual characters or organs are developed at this season, and then disappear again, so that there is a periodic development corresponding to the periodic activity of the testes or ovaries.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 796 ~ ~ ~

The consideration of the subject involves two questions: (1) What are the exact effects of the removal of the gonads in male and female?

~ ~ ~ Sentence 797 ~ ~ ~

(2) By what means are these effects brought about, what is the physiological explanation of the influence of the gonads on the soma?

~ ~ ~ Sentence 980 ~ ~ ~

The gonad of the left side had the tubular structure of a testis, but showed no signs of active spermatogenesis, but in its lower part contained two ova.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,005 ~ ~ ~

INFLUENCE OF GONADS DUE TO HORMONES The existence and the influence of hormones or internal secretions may be said to have been first proved in the case of the testes, for Professor A.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,018 ~ ~ ~

Since that time investigation of the more important organs of internal secretion--namely, the gonads, thyroid, thymus, suprarenals, pituitary, and pineal bodies--has been carried on both by clinical observation and experiment by a great number of physiologists with very striking results, and new hormones have been discovered in the walls of the intestine and other organs.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,019 ~ ~ ~

Here, however, we are more especially concerned with the gonads and other reproductive organs.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,020 ~ ~ ~

A great deal of evidence has now been obtained that the influence of the testes and ovaries on secondary sexual characters is due to a hormone formed in the gonads and passing in the blood in the course of the circulation to the organs and tissues which constitute those characters.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,184 ~ ~ ~

He claims by transplantation of the gonads in young rats and guinea-pigs to have feminised males and masculised females.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,201 ~ ~ ~

The subject of the influence of hormones from the gonads is mentioned, but not fully discussed, in a volume by Dr. Jacques Loeb, entitles _The Organism as a Whole_.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,203 ~ ~ ~

Loeb entirely omits the problem of the _origin_ of somatic sex-characters, and fails to perceive that the fact that such characters are dependent to a marked degree on hormones derived from the gonads, together with their relation to definite habits and functions connected with the behaviour of the sexes to each other, is proof are these characters are not gametogenic, but were originally due to external stimulation of particular parts of the soma.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,312 ~ ~ ~

In the first place, the term sex-linked does not mean occurring always exclusively in one sex, but the direct contrary-- transmitted by one sex to the opposite sex--and in the second place there is no suggestion that the development of the character is dependent in any way on the presence or function of the gonad.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,321 ~ ~ ~

But this case differs from the characters particularly under consideration here in two points: (1) there is no suggestion that it was adaptive, (2) or that it was influenced by hormones from the gonads.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,322 ~ ~ ~

No character whose development is dependent in greater or less degree on the stimulation of some substance derived from the gonads can have originated as a mutation, because the term mutation means a new character which develops in the soma as a result of the loss or gain of some factor or determinant in the chromosomes.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,329 ~ ~ ~

This seems to imply a serious misunderstanding of the idea of the action of the hormones from the gonads and of hormones in general.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,332 ~ ~ ~

How far Doncaster is right in holding that the soma is different in the two sexes is a question already mentioned, but it is obvious that in each individual the somatic sexual characters proper to its species are present potentially in its constitution by heredity--in other words, as factors or determinants in the chromosomes of the zygote from which it was developed; but the normal development of such characters in the individual soma is either entirely dependent on the stimulus of the hormone of the gonad or is profoundly influenced by the presence or absence of that stimulus.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,350 ~ ~ ~

The theory proposed by me in 1908 was that we have within the gonads numerous gametocytes whose chromosomes contain factors corresponding to the different parts of the soma, and that factors or determinants might be stimulated by products circulating in the blood and derived from the parts of the soma corresponding to them.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,616 ~ ~ ~

The exceptions among the Mammalia still more tend to prove the close correspondence between the 'impulsive' mode of progression and the dislocation of the male gonads.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,650 ~ ~ ~

The occurrence of male somatic characters on one side or in some part of the body and female on the other, usually associated with the corresponding gonads, has been termed gynandromorphism, and has long been known in insects.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,667 ~ ~ ~

With regard to the gonads, in this bird a single organ was found on the left side, _i.e._ in the position of the ovary in normal females, and there was no trace of a gonad on the right side.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,691 ~ ~ ~

There was a gonad on each side, that of the right about one-fourth the size of that on the left.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,692 ~ ~ ~

In microscopic structure the right gonad resembled a testis consisting entirely of tubuli lined by an epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,694 ~ ~ ~

The left and larger gonad had a quite similar structure, but at its lower end were found two ova enclosed within a follicular epithelium.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,695 ~ ~ ~

With regard to the last case it is to be remarked that though the gonad on the right side was entirely male, there was no unilateral development of male characters.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,705 ~ ~ ~

In Lepidoptera among insects the evidence concerning castration tends to prove that hormones from the gonads play no part at all in the development of somatic sexual characters.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,710 ~ ~ ~

described experiments in which he destroyed by means of a hot needle the gonads in silkworm caterpillars (_Bombyx mori_), and found no difference in the sexual characters of the moths reared from such caterpillars.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,717 ~ ~ ~

Even in these cases the moth when developed showed the original characters of the sex to which belonged the caterpillar from which it came, although it was carrying a gonad of the opposite sex.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,730 ~ ~ ~

Presumably not only the antennae and markings, but also the genital appendages and the gonads themselves, are male and female on the two sides.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,744 ~ ~ ~

Then as each somatic cell is descended without segregation from the fertilised ovum, we may suppose that the presence of the sex-chromosomes in the somatic cells themselves in some way determines whether male or female characters shall develop, without the aid of any hormones from the gonads.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,786 ~ ~ ~

This seems so very improbable that it suggests a doubt whether the same investigator was not mistaken with regard to the results of his experiments in transplanting gonads in Moths.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,802 ~ ~ ~

The gonads are not actually penetrated, at least in some cases, by the fibrous processes of the parasite, but nevertheless they are atrophied and almost disappear.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 1,820 ~ ~ ~

Geoffrey Smith does not discuss the origin of the somatic sexual characters in evolution, or attempt to show how his theories of sexual formative substance, and of the influence of the gonads by subtraction rather than addition, would bear upon the problem.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,498 ~ ~ ~

One of these is to graft ovaries or testes from one animal into another which possesses a certain somatic character, and then to see if the offspring produced from these gonads shows any trace of the character of the foreign soma in which it was nourished.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,563 ~ ~ ~

Secondary sexual characters, usually in the male sex, correspond in their development with the development of maturity and functional activity in the gonads, and it has been proved that the latter influence the former by means of 'hormones' or internal secretions.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,572 ~ ~ ~

The theory of the heredity of somatogenic modifications by means of hormones harmonises with and goes far to explain the facts of metamorphosis and recapitulation in adaptive characters, and also the origin of secondary sexual characters, their correlation with the periodical changes in the gonads and the effects of castration.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,573 ~ ~ ~

At the same time there are some somatic sex-characters, _e.g._ in insects and birds, which do not appear to be correlated with changes in the gonads, and which are probably gametogenic, not somatogenic in origin.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 2,586 ~ ~ ~

A. Biedl and Konigstein Bionomies Blindness in cave animals _Bombyx mori_ Boring, Miss Born and Fränkel Brachydactyly Bresslau Brown-Séquard Bühler _Cambarus_, males of Capons Castle, experiments in grafting; on sex Castration; in ducks; of frog; of Lepidoptera Cats, heredity of colour in Cave animals, absence of pigment Cephalopoda Cetacea, absence of scrotum Chelonia _Chologaster agassixii_ Chromosomes; in mutations _Clevelandia_ _Colaptes_ Colour-blindness; heredity of Colours, origin of, in domesticated breeds Comb of fowls, uselessness of Corpora lutea, evolution of; in viviparous lower vertebrates; origin of _Corystes cassivelaunus_ Courtship, organs of Criss-cross inheritance Crossing over Cryptorchidism Cuttle-fishes Cyclostomes, absence of corpora lutea in Cytology Cytoplasm, in heredity _Dafila acuta_ crosses _Daphnia_, heredity of sex in Darwin _Dasyurus_; corpora lutea; lactation Davenport Determinants Determination of sex Dipnoi, fins Dog-fishes, oviparous and viviparous Dominant characters, origin of Doncaster; on heredity in cats _Drosophila_, blind mutation, heredity of sex, mutations Ducks, crosses of Dutch rabbit Earthworms, sex in Eclipse plumage Eigenmann Eimer Elasmobranchs; corpus luteum in Elephants, testes Eugenics Eunuch Evolution, evidence of Factors, origin of Feathers, evolution of Flat-fishes, mutations of Flight, evolution of Flounder Foa, on lactation; on grafting ovaries Foges Fowls, castration of; origin of breeds Fractionation of Mendelian factors Fränkel Frog, thumb-pad _Gallus bankiva_ Gates, Dr. R. Ruggles Geddes and Thomson Gemmules Genital ducts _Gigas, Oenothera_ _Gillichthys Gipsy moth Goltz and Ewald Gonads, hormones of Goodale, H. D. Grafting, of ovaries or testes Graves' disease Gudernatsch Guthrie, C. C. Gynandromorphism Haemophilia Hanau Hegner Herdwick sheep, castration in Heredity; and sex Hermaphroditism Hill, J. P. Horns Houssaye _Inachus scorpio_ Insects, heredity of sex in Interstitial cells Intromittent organs Japanese long-tailed fowls; artificial treatment of Kammerer Kellog Kopec Lactation, dependence on stimulation, in males; regulation of _Laevifolia, Oenothera_ Lamarck Lamarckian theory Lane-Claypon, Miss; and Starling, on ovaries of rabbit Larvae of insects _Lata, Cenothera_ Leghorn, White Lemon-dab Leopold and Ravana Lepidoptera, castration in _Leptinotarsa_ _Limantria dispar_ Limon Linnæus Lode Loeb, on "blind fish; on blindness in cave animals; on tadpoles and thyroid Lop-eared rabbits, grafting experiments Lotsy, Professor; on crossing Lutein, of corpora lutes Male characters in female Mallard crosses Mammary glands; origin of rudimentary in male Marshall; and Jolly Marsupials, relation of foetus to pouch; scrotum of Masked crab Meisenheimer; thumb-pad of frog _Mendel's Principles of Heredity_ Mendelism; and castration Menstruation Metamorphosis; in Flat-fishes; causes of; and hormones; and diagnostic characters Michaux, Midwife toad, Milk glands, Mole, eyes of, Monotremata, origin of milk glands, Morgan, T. H., on blindness in cave animals, on mutations, on sex:, on sex-linked heredity, on sexual dimorphism in _Drosophila_, on variation, Mutations, in antlers, Natural selection, Nuptial plumage, Nussbaum, _Nyssia zonaria_ O'Donoghue, development of milk glands, _OEnothera_, mutations, _grandiflora_, lata_, _Lamarckiana_, Onagra, species of, _Origin of Species_, Darwin's, _Ornithorhyncus_, corpus luteum Orthogenesis, Otariidae, scrotum, Ovaries, position of, Ovary, in birds, Ovulation, Pangenesis, Parthenogenesis, Parturition, Pearson, Karl, Pheasant, male, gynandramorphism in Phillips, John C., _Philosophie Zoologique_ Phoeidae, testes, _Physiology of Reproduction_, Picotee Sweet Pea, Pigeons, Pigment, absence in cave animals, Pile fowls, Pintail duck, crosses, Plaice, _Pleuronectes flesus_, _glacialis_, _platesca_, Plymouth Rock fowl, Pole-dab, Poll, Preformation, _Problems of Genetics_, Prong buck, Pro-oestrus, _Proteus_, eyes of, Prototheria, milk glands in, Rabbits, lactation in, Recapitulation, absence of, and mutations, Reptiles, corpora lutea in, Reversal, in Flat-fishes, _Rhinoderma darwinii_, Ribbert, Rieger, Rodents, testes, Romanes, GJ Röntgen rays, effect on testes, Rose comb, in fowls, Rotifers, heredity of sex in, _Rubricalyx, Oenothera_, _Rubrinervis, Oenothera_, _Sacculina_, Salamanders, transplantation of eye, Sandes, Schuster, Edgar, Scrotum, origin, of, Sea-horse, Secondary sexual characters, Selheim, _Semilata, Oenothera_, Sertoli's cells, Sex, chromosomes; Mendelian theory of, Sex-Linked heredity, _Sexual Dimorphism_, Sexual dimorphism, in Rajidae, in Plaice, Shattock and Seligmann, Silkworm, Silky fowl, plumage of, Sirenia, absence of scrotum, Slow-worm, Smith, Geoffrey, Snakes, absence of limbs, Sociology, Somatic sexual characters, Species, conception of, origin of, characters of, sterility and hybridism, Spermatogenesis, in man, Starling and Lane-Claypon, on lactation, Steinach, heredity of milk glands, Sternum, carina of, Swallows, Sweet Pea, Swifts, Tadpoles, effect of thyroid in Tandler and Gross Taxonomies Teleosteans; corpora lutea in; ovarian follicles Testes, descent of Tetraploidy Thayer Thumb-pad of frog Thyroid-gland feeding Tortoise-shell colour in cats Tosa fowls, Japanese Transplantation of gonads _Typhiogobius_ Uhlenhuth Urodela, larva Variations _Vespa vulgaris_; _germanica_ Vries, De Wallart Wasps; heredity of sex in Weapons, organs used as Weismann Whale, paddle of White Leghorn, crosses Wilson, E. B.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 231 ~ ~ ~

In Sagitta and other worm-like animals the two cœlom-pouches (presumably gonads or sex-glands) are separated by a complete median partition, the dorsal and ventral mesentery (Fig.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 97 ~ ~ ~

a aorta, af anus, au eye, b lateral furrow (primitive renal process), c cœloma (body-cavity), d small intestine, e parietal eye (epiphysis), f fin border of the skin, g auditory vesicle, gh brain, h heart, i muscular cavity (dorsal cœlom-pouch), k gill-gut, ka gill-artery, kg gill-arch, ks gill-folds, l liver, ma stomach, md mouth, ms muscles, na nose (smell pit), n renal canals, u apertures of same, o outer skin, p gullet, r spinal marrow, a sexual glands (gonads), t corium, u kidney-openings (pores of the lateral furrow), v visceral vein (chief vein).

~ ~ ~ Sentence 246 ~ ~ ~

But in the two lowest classes of our stem, the acrania and cyclostoma, they consist merely of simple sexual glands or gonads, the ovaries of the female sex and the testicles ( spermaria ) of the male; the former provide the ova, the latter the sperm.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 247 ~ ~ ~

In the craniota we always find only one pair of gonads; in the amphioxus several pairs, arranged in succession.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 250 ~ ~ ~

These segmental pairs of gonads are the original ventral halves of the cœlom-pouches.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 258 ~ ~ ~

As a fact, the articulation is by no means chiefly determined and caused by the skeleton, but by the muscular system and the segmental arrangement of the kidneys and gonads.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 135 ~ ~ ~

In the amphioxus each of the former makes a muscular pouch, and each of the latter a sex-pouch or gonad.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 130 ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ Sentence 215 ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ Sentence 217 ~ ~ ~

This cenogenetic process is so old that the cavity seems to be unsegmented from the first in all the craniotes, and the rudiment of the gonads also is almost always unsegmented.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 221 ~ ~ ~

These segmental gonads are originally nothing else than the real gonotomes, separate body-cavities, formed from the hyposomites of the trunk.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 227 ~ ~ ~

The gonads are the most important segmental organs of the hyposoma, in the sense that they are phylogenetically the oldest.

~ ~ ~ Sentence 239 ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ Sentence 252 ~ ~ ~

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The 183 occurrences of gonad